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Continuing from the previous article:- Origin of the Universe | Vedic Conception | 101; Fossil is preserved remains of animals or plants. The remains of an animal or plant present from an earlier era inside a rock or other geologic deposit, often as an impression or in petrified state. Fossils help scientists to understand how life on the earth grew from a few tiny living things to the great variety we know today. This fossilized ichthyosaurus was found in Germany and dates from the early Jurassic Period, about 185 million years ago. Before 3400 million years ago, in the pre Cambriaonic period prokaryotes and single called micro-organisms were able to photosynthesize, which produce oxygen. 1000 years after soft bodied jellyfish, corals and sea-worms were found before the beginning of Devonian period. Fossils make it possible to estimate the time period when the rocks and the fossils associated with them were formed. The oldest known animal fossil, about 700 million years old, small worm like creatures with soft bodies. Flood Legends of Western Country:- Like that of Puranic flood legend, history of many western countries stated the flood legends happened to dissolute the world and recreate the new world from the water. Here some important historical western flood legends are discussed in brief to show the one and same principle in the origin of the earth from the flood water and the history of development of the geology. Biblical reference – [Babylonian history] In Biblical genesis describes the well- known story of the creation of the world. It states that ‘in the beginning, god created the heaven and the earth. The earth was not formed and empty, the darkness covered the abyss and the spirit of god blew over the water. These last words suggest that the earth originally passed through a state of aqueous liquidity. The work of creation was completed in six days in which on first day the light is created. Throughout the Bible the transcendent god is referred by the sign of light. Where as in firstly the sun is created. There were 30 million species on board while creationists estimate some 16,000 to 30,000 population founders on board Noah’s ark. Perhaps the second most important historical account of a global flood can be found in a Babylonian flood story in the Epic of Gilgamesh. When the Biblical and Babylonian accounts are compared, a number of outstanding similarities are found that leave no doubt these stories are rooted in the same event or oral tradition. Some geologists believe that quite dramatic, unusually great flooding of rivers in the distant past might have influenced the legends. A news article from National Geographic News February 2009 reported that the flooding might have been quite mild. K. A. Von Zittel explains the ancient stories of creation on the basis of Babylonian and Jewish accounts. Alexander [611 B.C.] states an infinite all pervading primeval substance posses in an inherent power of movement from the first. He also explains that the earth rested in the center of the whole universe and human beings were at first fish like in forms consisted with the semi fluid state of their environment. According to Plato [427 B.C.] the universe is the production of divine intelligence and of the necessary development of nature. A great philosopher and of Greek Aristotle remarked that the universe is divided into an earthly and heavenly half while the four elements – earth, water, air and fire compose the earth and the planets.This concept is similar to Pañcatanmatras. John Woodward described that fossils represented past faunas and floras and he supposed these remains to have been carried to their present position in the earth by a universal flood, the deluge of Scriptures. He also concludes that before the flood, the earth’s surface conformation had been similar to that which we now know. A study of cores of sediments found in the bottom of Gulf of Mexico has shown the evidence of a vast flood of fresh water into the Gulf of Mexico. It clearly shows that there was a major period of flooding from 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. There was no question that there was a flood and there is no question that it was a universal flood. All above discussed opinions proves the basic concepts of origin of earth, described in Puranas, is same with ancient geologist of western countries. Modern geological researchers support to the theory of occurrences of floods and devastation of the land by the erosion of the sea as in Western Asia, Southern India and other parts of the world. Traditionally in the world every country has same version of flood or the flood legends. According to the chronological table drawn up by the Pavan chronicler in 265 B.C. the deluge is said to be dated in the year 1539 B.C.41 Diksitar points out to view that Indus people must have migrated to Elam, Tunis, Babylon and even to the Egypt. About this migration there are two opinions that one is the migration of the culture must have been from the Indian home rather than the other way about. Second one is there is evidence of pottery. It may be happened that the Sumerians took with them the Indian Potter’s art from Sind. According to Diksitar, if this assumption of migration from India be correct, the Vedic legends as seen in SB, was the origin of other flood legends. According to Hindu literary tradition the flood legends of western countries were partial deluge and not a Mahapralaya which enveloped all the words. Development of Matsya:- According to geological time scale before 540 million years ago evolution of chordates occurs in cambrianoic period. In this period fishes are diversified maximum up to Devonian period to this period and this is known as the age of fishes. Armored limbless fishes are called as Ostracoderms. They have no genes and gill slits are used for respiration. These are the first vertebrates having a backbone or spinal column. […]
Mathomathis would like to present an article on Navigation, Math’s & Astronomy – The Pagan Knowledge Compiled by D.P. Agrawal Lokvigyan Kendra Almora 263601. It may sound strange that the adventurous sailors like Columbus and Vasco da Gama were no great navigators? The European method of navigation by ‘dead reckoning’ necessarily relied upon maps and charts, so they did not know how to navigate on uncharted seas. Behind this enigma lies the ignorance of maths of the Europeans, and the story of navigation, calendars and clocks. The methods of timekeeping in Europe, whether through mechanical clocks or the calendar, remained remarkably inaccurate until the 16th century CE, when this became a major embarrassment to both church and state. Unlike India which was far better off, the early 16th century Europe was very poor. The most prosperous regions were only Spain and Portugal, just emerging from Arab rule. Trade with the rich states of India and China represented a golden opportunity. Motivated by abject poverty and the hope of future riches, European sailors were ready to run huge risks: approximately a third of them used to die on each successful voyage to India. Ships sank frequently, and a sunken ship meant also loss of valuable cargo. Ultimately, successful trade needs secure trade routes and secure travel from Europe to India or China and back needed, at the least, knowledge of navigation. Navigation was the strategic and economic key to the initial prosperity of Europe through trade and subsequent colonization. Many of us would be surprised to know that Columbus and Vasco da Gama were hardly great navigators, though they certainly were great adventurers. Neither knew the celestial navigation techniques known to their Indian, Arab, and Chinese contemporaries. They had heard of celestial navigation, used by Arab navigators, but did not quite understand it. Columbus’ first recorded attempt at using a quadrant to establish his latitude was on 2ND November when he was off the northern shore of Cuba. This sadly erroneous sighting put him on the latitude of Cape Cod. Even so, Columbus failed to recognize this gross error and instead concluded that he was on the mainland of Cathay. This illustrates Columbus’s serious incompetence in celestial navigation. Columbus tried the quadrant again on 20TH November and came up with the same deplorable result of 42 degrees north latitude, but this time he realized that something was wrong and blamed it on the quadrant which he said was broken and needed repair. How can a quadrant be broken when it has only one moving part and that part is a string with a weight on the end? Similarly, Vasco da Gama used the services of an Indian pilot, Kanha, to ‘discover’ the sea route to India. To determine the latitude at sea, the pilot used an instrument, called kamal or rapalagai. In its simplest form, the instrument consists of a small wooden board and a string graduated with knots. The local latitude is almost the same as the altitude of the pole star, or its angular elevation above the horizon. To determine the altitude of the pole star, the wooden board is held in front of the eye, at an appropriate distance, so that it blocks the portion between the horizon and the pole star, and the distance from the eye is measured. Holding the string between the teeth, and counting the number of knots, one measures the distance. In the Arabic-Malayalam language, the pole star is hence called kau, which also means ‘teeth’. Vasco da Gama, not understanding the principle of the instrument, thought the pilot was telling the distance with his teeth! He further recorded that he carried back a couple of copies of the instrument to get it graduated in inches! (The instrument involves a harmonic scale, whereas inches refer to a linear scale, so that graduating it in inches is intrinsically impossible.) Though the Europeans did not know celestial navigation, their own technique of navigation by ‘dead reckoning’, using maps and charts, was very unreliable. Though a great deal of effort initially went into procuring and making accurate maps, it was eventually understood that, despite accurate maps, the European technique of navigation itself was inaccurate since it required measurement of the speed of the ship. A process called heaving the log measured the ship’s speed: throwing overboard a log tied to a rope, and measuring out the amount of rope taken up in a given period of time. A sailing manual describes how inaccurate this process was, even in 1864: “if the gale has not been the same during the whole hour, or time between heaving the log, or if there has been more sail set or handed, there must be an allowance made for it, according to the discretion of the officer. Sometimes, when the ship is before the wind and a great sea is setting after her, it will bring home the log; in such cases it is customary to allow one mile in ten, and less in proportion if the sea be not so great; a proper allowance ought also to be made if there be a head sea. In heaving the log, great care should be taken to veer out the line as fast as the log takes it; for if the log be left to turn the reel itself, it will come home, and give an erroneous distance.” European ignorance of navigation was widely recognized as a major problem, because the immense economic and strategic importance of navigation for Europe was transparent to all. One sunken ship meant not only a fortune gone, but also more men gone than in a typical war of those times. Consequently, governments in Europe not only officially admitted the European ignorance of navigation, from the 16th to the 18th century they did everything possible to find a better technique of navigation. Pedro Nunes, a professor of mathematics at Lisbon and Coimbra, was appointed royal cosmographer in 1529. Philip II of Spain offered a huge prize […]
Mathomathis would like to present an article on: Vedic Glossary documented by Indic Cosmology, Kosla Vepa (INDIC STUDIES FOUNDATION), on the context of: THE STORY OF THE INDIC COSMOLOGY AND THE CELESTIAL TIME KEEPERS. The article would deal mainly with the Glossary, previous article can be found @Indic Cosmology | Glossary | 101 J Jnana Yoga ज्नान – The path of knowledge Jñāna (also spelled “Gyāna”; Devanagari घ्यान) is the Sanskrit term for knowledge. In Hinduism it means true knowledge, PAra Vidya, the knowledge that one’s self atman is Ultimate Reality Brahman. In Buddhism, it refers to pure awareness that is free of conceptual encumbrances, and is contrasted with Vijnana, which is a moment of ‘divided knowing’. Jnana yoga is one path (marga) towards moksha (liberation), while Yoga offers different paths for different temperaments such as Bhakti and Karma Yoga. Jivanmukta – Adi Sankara gives the true definition of a Jivanmukta – The great souls he says , calm and tranquil, live, regenerating the world like the spring; and themselves having crossed the ocean of embodied existence, and death, help those who struggle, for the same end, without the least trace of personal motives or advantage Jyotisha – One of the 6 Vedangas, also known as the science of light .It includes the study of the motion of Celestial Objects or Astronomy and the effects of the forces arising from these bodies and their effects on the human mind. It is the hypothesis of Vedic Astrology that such effects can be predicted by studying the relative location of the planets and the stars . Jyotisha is often discussed as the instructional element of the Rig Veda, and as such is a Vedangas, or “body part” of the Vedas. Jyotisha is called the Eye of the Veda, for its believed ability to view both henomenal reality and wisdom itself. Part of a larger Vedic curriculum including mathematics, architecture, medical and military applications. The author of this Vedanga is purported to be one Lagadha K Kalidasa – The poet laureate of ancient India. The author of the most widely known text and play Shakuntala Kalpasutras – constitutes part of the Vedanga consists of Grhyasutras, Dharmasutras, Sulvasutras, Srautasutras. Kama, काम – “Pleasure,desire,wish, love; enjoyment.” Earthly love, aesthetic and cultural fulfillment, pleasures of the world (often used in the sense of sexual desire, but not necessarily so), the joys of family, intellectual satisfaction. Enjoyment of happiness, security, creativity, usefulness and inspiration. An essential ingredient for the emotional health of an individual and recognized as such by the ancient Vedics. Kama is one of the four Purusharthas or goals of life, the others being dharma , artha and moksha. Kaarika – Gloss or explanatory text of an original text, such as the Kaarika of the Mandukya Upanishad by Gaudapada Karma Yoga – Karma yoga, or the “discipline of action” is based on the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita, a holy scripture of Hinduism. One of the four pillars of yoga, Karma yoga focuses on the adherence to duty (dharma) while remaining detached from the reward. It states that one can attain Moksha (salvation) by doing ones duties in an unselfish manner. A great portion of the Bhagavad Gita is engaged in discussing the efficacy of various Yogas towards the goal of self realization or Moksha. Initially Arjuna is bewildered, when Bhagavan says that the Yoga of Knowledge is superior to the Yoga of action , even though desireless it may be. Why then do you ask me to fight asks an exasperated Arjuna of his friend and mentor, if such be the case. The answer by Bhagavan and elucidated by Adi Sankara in his Bhashya is one of the major insights of this lovely Celestial song. As explained by Adi Sankara, Karma Yoga consists of 4 principles Giving up an egoistic attitude (BG 18-46),2. Giving up the hankering for the fruits or results of one’s action (BG 2-39). Maintaining equanimity in the face of desirable andhappy circumstances as well as undesirable and not so pleasant situations (BG 2-48) Surrendering of all actions as an offering to the Lord Ishwara) wholeheartedly (BG 3-33). It is possible to transcend. Karma Yoga by the Yoga of Knowledge, which is in fact the superior approach, but such an alternative is not for every individual , and is best suited for those who have realized Brahman Khagola – Celestial sphere or armillary sphere, a term used for both the geometrical celestial sphere as well as the astronomical instrument called the armillary sphere. Kshatriya – The varna identified in the classical Indic tradition as those entitled to exercise military power and perform sacrifices, the dominant Guna in the Kshatriya varna is one of Rajas, and a passion for action. It is your Dharma to engage in action protect the aged and infirm and the children and women in your protection. It is better to follow ones own Dharma (dictated by ones Gunas) admonished Sri Krishna to Arjuna than to try something, however beguiling, which is not so suited Kurgan – A region in Europe from where the putative emigration of the mythical Aryan race took place M Madhavacharya – Celebrated religious teacher and scholar of the 14th century, one of the main teachers of the Dvaita-Vedanta school of pronounced dualism. It teaches the existence or permanent reality of two fundamental principles in universal nature: spirit and matter, or divinity and the universe. This dualism is in direct contrast with the unity doctrine taught in the Advaita Vedanta or nondualistic system of Sankaracharya. Mahavrata – winter solstice Mahaavaakya, महावाक्य – The 4 expressions that embody Vedanta, the essence of attaining Jivanmukta. The Mahaavaakyas are the four “Great Sayings” of the Upanishads, foundational religious texts of Hinduism. These four sayings encapsulate the central Truth of Hinduism. The Mahaavaakya are: Prajnaanam Brahman “Conscious is Brahman” (Aitareya Upanishad 3.3). Ayam Atma Brahman “This Self (Atman) is Brahman” (Mandukya Upanishad 1.2) Tat Tvam Asi – “That Thou art ” (Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7) Aham Brahmasmi – […]
Hindu Scriptures & Sanskrit Literature | Mathomathis would like to present an article on Root By Kadambi Srinivasan | Published by | Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Tirupati 2019. The following article will explain about the creation of the universe by adopting the concepts of vedas and upanishad. Do note that, every concepts including the so called “modern science” has its own way on intercepting the cosmic creations. Readers are expected to have an open thought before making any judgemental thoughts in the article explained. King Prithu: One of the descendants of Dhruva was a tyrant named Vena. He would not listen to advice from his ministers and continued with his reign of terror. The Rishis then invoked the God of death and Vena died. After the death of Vena, the land had no king to rule. Eventually with the help of penance of the Rishis a boy and a girl was born. They named the boy as Prithu. The girl was named Archis. From the lakshanas, the Rishis knew that he was born from an amsha (part of) of Lord Narayana. Archis was Sri Maha Lakshmi. When he was old enough, the boy was crowned as king. After he was crowned as king, the Rishis called him Prithu, the great protector of the world. Prithu noticed that his subjects were thin and emaciated. He concluded that Earth was not yielding enough. So he confronted Mother Earth and decided to punish her. Mother earth got frightened and explained that as time passed sinful acts were being committed everywhere. In a fit of anger she decided that the people were not fit enough to enjoy the wealth provided to them. However, she promised that she will now agree to yield enough food for all people. Everyone then got what he wanted. King Prithu was very pleased with the earth and her bounty, that he made her his beloved daughter. Since then mother Earth came to called as Prithvi. He was the first king that ever won the hearts of the people. From his time kings have been called “Rajas”. “Ranj” means charm, “Ranjayati iti Raja”. Prithu was the first Raja – “Adiraja”. King Prithu performed one hundred Ashvamedhas. King Prithu’s grandson was Havirdhana who married Havirdhani. They had six children and the eldest was Barhishat. He married Shatadruti, daughter of the lord of the seas. Ten sons were born to this couple and they were famed as Prachetas. King Barhishat believed in the performance of yagnays and he performed many. Sage Narada took interest in him and initiated the Brahma Vidya advising him that it was the way for salvation. King Barhishat followed his advice. Prachetas, the ten sons of King Barhishat, were great devotees of Lord Narayana. Lord Mahadeva was pleased with them and decided to help them. He taught them Rudra Gita and asked them to repeat it with a steady mind in order to gain the favour of Lord Narayana. They did that. The Lord Narayana was pleased with their devotion and asked them to marry Marisha, daughter of an Apsara. He also told the brothers that she will bear them a son whose fame will spread all over the world. All ten of them married Marisha. A son was born to them and he was Daksha. It was the same Daksha Prajapati who insulted Lord Mahadeva. He was born as a human being for the sin he committed. Prachetas crowned Daksha as the king and left for the forest. However, he too left for the forest to perform Tapas. In the previous article, it was mentioned that Svayambhu Manu had two sons – Priyavrata and Uttanapada. We learnt earlier that Uttanapada’s son was the famed Dhruva. Priyavrata was the eldest son of the Manu. However, he had no desire to rule the kingdom and left for the forest to perform Tapas. Uttanapada and later Dhruva ruled the land. However, when Daksha, their descendant, left for the forest, the land was without a ruler. Lord Brahma went to Priyavrata and persuaded him to take up the reins of ruling the kingdom. Priyavrata married Barhishmati, daughter of Vishvakarma. Ten sons and a daughter were born to them. Agnitra was the eldest son. Three of his brothers left to the forest to perform Tapas. Agnitra and his six other brothers ruled the seven islands. The daughter Ojasvati was married to Shukra and their daughter was Devayani. People were happy during his rule. Priyavrata was interested in tracing the path of the Sun. He equipped himself with a chariot fast enough to travel with the Sun. He travelled with the Sun around the Earth seven times. The moats formed by the quick progress of his chariot became the seven great seas. They were named:- Lavan Ikshu Sura Sarpi Dadhi Kshira and Madhu. The earth divided into seven islands. They were named:- Jambu Plaksha Shalmali Kusha Krauncha Shaka and Pushkara King Bharata:- Agnitra’s son was Nabhi and he had no children. He performed a great sacrifice where he worshipped Lord Narayana. The Lord was pleased with Nabhi and promised that he will be born as a son to Nabhi. The child was named Rishabha. Rishabha was crowned as the king after Nabhi. Rishabha married Jayanti the daughter of Indra. They had hundred sons; the eldest of them was Bharata. Bharata was a great king and the land was called Bharatavarsha after him. After a long number of years, Bharata decided to retire to the forest. He distributed his kingdom among his sons he went away to the ashrama of sage Pulaha near Haridwar. He worshipped Lord Narayana with great devotion. His heart was filled with peace born out of renunciation and detachment. One day he rescued a new-born deer when her mother died. He brought up the deer with great care and was greatly attached to it. His meditation and prayers were all things of the past. And when he died Bharata’s mind was on the deer. Since his thoughts were on […]
Mathomathis would like to present an article on Vimana Shastras or Vymanika Shastras written by the author by Maharshi Bharadwaaja Propounded by Venerable SUBBARAYA SHASTRY Translated into English and Edited, Printed and Published by G.R. JOSYER SCHOLAR, HISTORIAN, ESSAYIST, SANSKRITIST Printed at CORONATION PRESS, MYSORE-4, INDIA. The following article presented in mathomathis was adopted from the website In the following materials, we would constantly using the word author and readers needs to be aware off that author in the following context would be Josyer. Author describes the book is as follows: Sometime in the period just before World War I, a Brahmana named Pandit Subbaraya Sastry began to dictate previously unknown texts in Sanskrit which purported to contain ancient Indian technological knowledge. He in turn, credited a Vedic sage named Maharshi Bharadwaja, as well as other Rishis who appear in legitimate Hindu texts. One of these ‘channeled’ texts was, on its face, a technical manual for the construction and use of ‘vimanas,’ the flying machines of the Vedic sagas. It is unclear as to whether any part of the present work was actually published in print at that time, even though it is implied in the introduction, so it is unclear whether it was published (in the legal sense) prior to 1923. The Sanskrit manuscript of the VS lay unpublished for over fifty years. In 1973, this text was published in a very limited edition by G.R. Josyer, along with a translation which he had produced over a twenty year period. In 1991, the English portion and the illustrations from the Josyer book were reprinted in the above-mentioned Vimana Aircraft of Ancient India & Atlantis. It as if someone in the early 20th century wrote a 100 page book on ancient aircraft in Biblical Hebrew and attributed it to Moses and other prophets. However, the fact that the book was originally written in Sanskrit, while very impressive, isn’t any indication of authenticity. Sanskrit is to some extent still a living language, used everyday in Vedic ritual. It is plausible that a well-educated high-caste Brahmins from that period would be able to compose a Sanskrit text of this length given enough time. If you are looking for an ancient manuscript on this fascinating topic, you’ll need to keep on looking. The Vymanika Shastra was first committed to writing between 1918 and 1923, and nobody is claiming that it came from some mysterious antique manuscript. The fact is, there are no manuscripts of this text prior to 1918, and nobody is claiming that there are. So on one level, this is not a hoax. You just have to buy into the assumption that ‘channeling’ works. On the other hand, there is no exposition of the theory of aviation (let alone antigravity). In plain terms, the VS never directly explains how vimanas get up in the air. The text is top-heavy with long lists of often bizarre ingredients used to construct various subsystems. This includes items such as monkey skin, eagle bones, sea-foam, and many that are only named in Sanskrit. Often the recipes are a mix of plant, animal and mineral ingredients, and involve mixing these ingredients and cooking them at high temperature in a furnace shaped like an animal, such as a frog. One wonders whether we are talking about metallurgy here, or some kind of alchemy. Most of the systems are described as mechanical devices, powered by steam, electricity or even solar power; a number literally involve smoke and mirrors. Vimanas are widely described in the genuine ancient texts such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as other later texts such as the dramas of Kalidasa. They are not metaphors or hyperbole, nor do you have to be a god to own or ride one as in other mythologies. [Source: wikipedia] The Sanskrit word vi-māna (विमान) literally means “measuring out, traversing” or “having been measured out”. Monier Monier-Williams defines Vimana as “a car or a chariot of the gods, any self-moving aerial car sometimes serving as a seat or throne, sometimes self-moving and carrying its occupant through the air; other descriptions make the Vimana more like a house or palace, and one kind is said to be seven stories high”, and quotes the Pushpaka Vimana of Ravana as an example. It may denote any car or vehicle, especially a bier or a ship as well as a palace of an emperor, especially with seven stories. In some Indian languages like Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, and Hindi, vimana or vimanam means “aircraft”, for example in the town name Vimanapura (a suburb of Bangalore) and Vimannagar, a town in Pune. In another context, Vimana is a feature in Hindu temple architecture. [Source: wikipedia] Either the way, in the following article, we would describe vimanas as: “aircrafts”, flying vehicles. The pictures shown below are some of the types of vimanas G. R. JOSYER Hon. Director, International Academy of Sanskrit Research writes the following lines (Note: None of the words have been edited). On 25-8-1952 the Mysore representative of the Press Trust of India, Sri N. N. Sastry, sent up the following report which was published in all the leading dailies of India, and was taken up by Reuter and other World Press News Services: “Mr. G. R. Josyer, Director of the International Academy of Sanskrit Research in Mysore, in the course of an interview, showed some very ancient manuscripts which the Academy had collected. He claimed that the manuscripts were several thousands of years old, compiled by ancient rishis, Bharadwaja, Narada and others, dealing, not with the mysticism of ancient Hindu philosophy of Atman or Brahman, but with more mundane things vital for the existence of man and progress of nations both in times of peace and war. “Mr. Josyer’s manuscripts dealt in elaborate detail about food processing from various indigenous materials like grass, vegetables and leaves for human consumption, particularly during times of famine. “One manuscript dealt with Aeronautics, construction of various types of aircraft for civil aviation and for warfare. He showed me plans prepared according to directions contained in the manuscript on Aeronautics of three types of aircraft or […]